This list covers the period from the break-up of the Kievan Rus state (see III/48) into competing principalities until the Mongol conquest of Russia. Druzhina were the prince’s or boyars’ personal troops, in helmet and thigh-length mail or lamellar hauberk, with kite or heater-shaped or small round shield, light lance and sword or mace-and-chain, mounted on unarmoured chestnut, bay, grey and black horses. Under nomad influence, they came to be used as a reserve striking force of charging lancers; with horse archers deployed either on their flanks, or in front to provoke enemy to commit prematurely. Kazaks or svoi pogyane “our own pagans” were former nomads (mostly Pecheneg) now settled within the borders and fighting as horse archers, but in scale, mail, lamellar, leather or textile corslets. Infantry formed behind or on the wings. Polk were town militia (mostly armoured spearmen) and Smerdy were peasants of woodland villages, in unbleached linen or wool. Frequent Cuman allies (I1I/80) were called “Polovtsy”. References: Armies of Feudal Europe 1. Heath, The Year of the Horsetails R.F. Tapsell (novel).
— Early Russian Army 1054 AD - 1246 AD
III/32 — VOLGA BULGAR 675 AD - 1237 AD
III/40 — NORSE VIKING & LEIDANG 790 AD - 1280 AD
III/47 — PECHENEG 850 AD - 1122 AD
III/63 — EARLY POLISH 960 AD - 1335 AD
III/68 — EARLY HUNGARIAN 997 AD - 1245 AD
III/79 — EARLY RUSSIAN 1054 AD - 1246 AD
III/80 — CUMAN (KIPCHAK) 1054 AD - 1394 AD
IV/18 — LITHUANIAN & SAMOGITIAN 1132 AD - 1515 AD
IV/28 — PRUSSIAN 1200 AD - 1283 AD
IV/30 — TEUTONIC ORDERS 1201 AD - 1525 AD
IV/35 — MONGOL CONQUEST 1206 AD - 1266 AD
III/63 — EARLY POLISH 960 AD - 1335 AD
III/68 — EARLY HUNGARIAN 997 AD - 1245 AD
III/80 — CUMAN (KIPCHAK) 1054 AD - 1394 AD