This list covers the Hindu (and a few Buddhist) states of northern and central India from the fall of the Gupta empire until the introduction of hand firearms. The Guptas were replaced by a number of small states, reunified from 606 by Harsha into the Kanauj empire. This fell apart after his death in 647; to be replaced by the Pratihara empire, which reduced Arab India to 2 small remnant states and lasted until 1036. Its rivals and successors included the Rashtrakutas, Palas and Vijayanagar. These were all attacked by a new wave of Turkish Muslim invaders that in 1206 became the Sultanate of Delhi and conquered all of them except the southern state of Vijayanagar. The Rajputs were a warrior caste, thought by some to be descended from Saka or Huna (Hephthalites), who ruled states in central and western India and fought both against and for the Sultanate. They had a strong heroic ethos and ended lost battles with a suicidal charge instead of surrender and wore yellow as a badge of fanaticism. Elephants were described as armoured and carrying howdahs containing several crew. Cavalry were armed with lance or bow, sword and shield, were armoured and sometimes rode barded horses. Some Rajput horses were trained to rear up, so that their riders could fight elephant crew from a similar height. Foot were unarmoured and skimpily dressed. Swordsmen had either a rectangular or a small round shield. References: Armies of the Middle Ages Vol.2 1. Heath, Slingshot 248.
— Kanauj Army 606 AD - 647 AD
II/42 — TAMIL INDIAN & SINHALESE 175 BC - 1515 AD
III/10 — HINDU INDIAN 545 AD - 1510 AD
— Rajput Army 747 AD - 1303 AD
II/15 — ALEXANDRIAN IMPERIAL 328 BC - 321 BC
III/10 — HINDU INDIAN 545 AD - 1510 AD
III/31 — UMAYYAD ARAB 661 AD - 750 AD
III/38 — ARAB INDIAN 751 AD - 1206 AD
III/43 — KHURASANIAN 821 AD - 1073 AD
III/64 — GHAZNAVID 962 AD - 1186 AD
IV/36 — LATER MUSLIM INDIAN 1206 AD - 1526 AD
IV/8 — GHURID 1100 AD - 1222 AD
III/10 — HINDU INDIAN 545 AD - 1510 AD
— Other Hindu Indian Armies 545 AD - 1510 AD
II/42 — TAMIL INDIAN & SINHALESE 175 BC - 1515 AD
II/80 — HUNNIC 356 AD - 570 AD
III/10 — HINDU INDIAN 545 AD - 1510 AD
III/15 — TIBETAN 560 AD - 1065 AD
III/31 — UMAYYAD ARAB 661 AD - 750 AD
III/37 — ABBASID ARAB 747 AD - 945 AD
III/38 — ARAB INDIAN 751 AD - 1206 AD
III/43 — KHURASANIAN 821 AD - 1073 AD
III/9 — BURMESE 500 AD - 1526 AD
IV/36 — LATER MUSLIM INDIAN 1206 AD - 1526 AD
IV/75 — TIMURID 1360 AD - 1506 AD
II/42 — TAMIL INDIAN & SINHALESE 175 BC - 1515 AD
II/80 — HUNNIC 356 AD - 570 AD
III/10 — HINDU INDIAN 545 AD - 1510 AD
III/15 — TIBETAN 560 AD - 1065 AD
III/38 — ARAB INDIAN 751 AD - 1206 AD
IV/36 — LATER MUSLIM INDIAN 1206 AD - 1526 AD