This list covers the Italian lowland armies from the end of the Villanovan culture, modified by Etruscan and Greek influence and the building of cities. It includes the Etruscans until the founding of the Etruscan league (list 57) and Rome until the reforms of Servius Tullius around 578 BC (list 59). It also covers other Latin armies (which after 400 BC followed contemporary Roman practise) until the destruction of the Latin League in 338 BC; and Umbrian armies until the end of the third Samnite War in 290 BC. A third to a half of the troops named below as spearmen were hoplites, the remainder with scutum but no corslet being rated as second class. Most evidence for these armies is archaeological. References: Armies of the Macedonian and Punic Wars D. Head, Gli Eserciti Etruschi I. Fossati.
— Etruscan Army 650 BC - 600 BC
I/36 — ITALIAN HILL TRIBES 1000 BC - 124 BC
I/52 — EARLY HOPLITE GREEK 669 BC - 449 BC
I/55 — LATIN, EARLY ROMAN, EARLY ETRUSCAN & UMBRIAN 650 BC - 290 BC
— Roman Army 650 BC - 578 BC
I/36 — ITALIAN HILL TRIBES 1000 BC - 124 BC
I/52 — EARLY HOPLITE GREEK 669 BC - 449 BC
I/55 — LATIN, EARLY ROMAN, EARLY ETRUSCAN & UMBRIAN 650 BC - 290 BC
I/57 — ETRUSCAN LEAGUE 600 BC - 280 BC
— Latin Army 650 BC - 400 BC
I/36 — ITALIAN HILL TRIBES 1000 BC - 124 BC
I/52 — EARLY HOPLITE GREEK 669 BC - 449 BC
I/55 — LATIN, EARLY ROMAN, EARLY ETRUSCAN & UMBRIAN 650 BC - 290 BC
I/57 — ETRUSCAN LEAGUE 600 BC - 280 BC
I/59 — TULLIAN ROMAN 578 BC - 400 BC
I/52 — EARLY HOPLITE GREEK 669 BC - 449 BC
— Latin Army 399 BC - 338 BC
I/36 — ITALIAN HILL TRIBES 1000 BC - 124 BC
I/55 — LATIN, EARLY ROMAN, EARLY ETRUSCAN & UMBRIAN 650 BC - 290 BC
I/57 — ETRUSCAN LEAGUE 600 BC - 280 BC
II/10 — CAMILLAN ROMAN 400 BC - 275 BC
II/11 — GALLIC 400 BC - 50 BC
II/13 — SAMNITE 355 BC - 272 BC
II/8 — CAMPANIAN, APULIAN, LUCANIAN & BRUTTIAN 420 BC - 203 BC
I/52 — EARLY HOPLITE GREEK 669 BC - 449 BC
II/11 — GALLIC 400 BC - 50 BC
II/8 — CAMPANIAN, APULIAN, LUCANIAN & BRUTTIAN 420 BC - 203 BC
II/9 — SYRACUSAN 410 BC - 210 BC
— Umbrian Army 650 BC - 290 BC
I/36 — ITALIAN HILL TRIBES 1000 BC - 124 BC
I/55 — LATIN, EARLY ROMAN, EARLY ETRUSCAN & UMBRIAN 650 BC - 290 BC
I/57 — ETRUSCAN LEAGUE 600 BC - 280 BC
I/59 — TULLIAN ROMAN 578 BC - 400 BC
II/10 — CAMILLAN ROMAN 400 BC - 275 BC
II/11 — GALLIC 400 BC - 50 BC
II/13 — SAMNITE 355 BC - 272 BC