II/22 ARABO-ARAMAEAN 312 BC - 240 AD

This covers most of the Aramaic-speaking Arab-ruled city states of Syria and Mesopotamia which were influenced by their Parthian and Hellenistic neighbours. It includes the Nabataean kingdom (312 BC-106 AD) which defeated Antigonids, Maccabees and Seleucids and fought fiercely against Herod the Great. The kingdom was centred on the rock-cut city of Petra “the rose-red city half as old as time”. The majority of Nabataean troops were archers and it seems likely that some of their cavalry were also bow-armed. Several inscriptions refer to “cavalry companions” suggesting Hellenistic style xystophoroi rather than Parthian style cataphracts. Other kingdoms included the Arabayan kingdom of Hatra (150 BC-240 AD), Edessa (150 BC-197 AD), Singara (147 BC-198 AD), Characene/Mesene (127 BC-222 AD), Adiabene (126 BC-115 AD) and Emesa (126 BC-72 AD). Palmyra (260 AD-273 AD) is covered in list II/74. Hatra was defended by an exceptionally powerful force of artillery and the cataphract camels used by the Parthians in 217 AD were probably Hatrene. Swordsmen are depicted in long mail shirts and using a straight sword and long oval shield squared off top and bottom. Reference: Armies of the Macedonian and Punic Wars D. Head.

II/22a — Army of Nabataea 250 BC - 106 BC

List: 1 x General (3Kn or Cv), 1 x horse archers (LH), 1 x swordsmen (4Bd) or archers (4Bw), 2 x javelinmen (3Ax or Ps), 6 x archers (3Bw or Ps), 1 x archers (3Bw) or caravan guards (Cm) or scouts {(LCm)
Terrain: Hilly
Aggression: 0
Enemies:

II/22b — Army of Emesa 51 BC - 72 BC

List: 1 x General (Cv or 4Kn), 2 x horse archers (LH), 1 x guard infantry (4Ax), 2 x javelinmen (3Ax or Ps), 5 x archers (3Bw or Ps), 1 x archers (3Bw) or caravan guards (Cm) or scouts (LCm)
Terrain: Dry
Aggression: 0
Enemies:

II/22c — Army of Hatra 126 BC - 240 BC

List: 1 x General (4Kn), 1 x horse archers (LH), 1 x swordsman (4Bd), 2 x javelinmen (3Ax or Ps) or horse archers (LH), 6 x archers (3Bw or Ps), 1 x cataphract camels (Cm) or bolt- or stone-throwers (Art)
Terrain: Dry
Aggression: 0
Enemies:
Allies: II/37

II/22d — Army of Characene 126 BC - 222 BC

List: 1 x General (4Kn), 1 x horse archers (LH), 1 x swordsmen (4Bd), 2 x javelinmen (3Ax or Ps), 6 x archers (3Bw or Ps), 1 x Arab scouts (LCm)
Terrain: Dry
Aggression: 0
Enemies:
Allies: ['II/23a', 'II/37']

II/22e — Armies of Edessa, Singara or Adiabene from 126 BC

List: 1 x General (4Kn or Cv), 2 x horse archers (LH), 1 x swordsmen (4Bd), 2 x javelinmen (3Ax or Ps), 5 x archers (3Bw), 1 x archers (3Bw) or caravan guards (Cm)
Terrain: Dry
Aggression: 0
Enemies:
Allies: II/37

II/22f — Any Arabo-Aramean Army before 126 BC

List: 1 x General (Cv), 2 x horse archers (LH), 1 x swordsmen (4Bd), 2 x javelinmen (3Ax or Ps), 5 x archers (3Bw or Ps), 1 x archers (3Bw or Ps) or caravan guards (Cm)
Terrain: Dry
Aggression: 0