This covers most of the Aramaic-speaking Arab-ruled city states of Syria and Mesopotamia which were influenced by their Parthian and Hellenistic neighbours. It includes the Nabataean kingdom (312 BC-106 AD) which defeated Antigonids, Maccabees and Seleucids and fought fiercely against Herod the Great. The kingdom was centred on the rock-cut city of Petra “the rose-red city half as old as time”. The majority of Nabataean troops were archers and it seems likely that some of their cavalry were also bow-armed. Several inscriptions refer to “cavalry companions” suggesting Hellenistic style xystophoroi rather than Parthian style cataphracts. Other kingdoms included the Arabayan kingdom of Hatra (150 BC-240 AD), Edessa (150 BC-197 AD), Singara (147 BC-198 AD), Characene/Mesene (127 BC-222 AD), Adiabene (126 BC-115 AD) and Emesa (126 BC-72 AD). Palmyra (260 AD-273 AD) is covered in list II/74. Hatra was defended by an exceptionally powerful force of artillery and the cataphract camels used by the Parthians in 217 AD were probably Hatrene. Swordsmen are depicted in long mail shirts and using a straight sword and long oval shield squared off top and bottom. Reference: Armies of the Macedonian and Punic Wars D. Head.
— Army of Nabataea 250 BC - 106 BC
II/19 — SELEUCID 320 BC - 64 BC
II/22 — ARABO-ARAMAEAN 312 BC - 240 AD
II/23 — LATER PRE-ISLAMIC ARAB 312 BC - 633 AD
II/37 — PARTHIAN 250 BC - 225 AD
II/43 — MACCABEAN JEWISH 168 BC - 104 BC
II/50 — HASMONEAN JEWISH 103 BC - 63 BC
II/51 — LATE JUDAEAN 63 BC - 6 AD
II/56 — EARLY IMPERIAL ROMAN 25 BC - 197 AD
II/59 — JEWISH REVOLTS 66 AD - 70 AD & 132 AD - 135 AD
— Army of Emesa 51 BC - 72 BC
II/22 — ARABO-ARAMAEAN 312 BC - 240 AD
II/23 — LATER PRE-ISLAMIC ARAB 312 BC - 633 AD
II/37 — PARTHIAN 250 BC - 225 AD
II/43 — MACCABEAN JEWISH 168 BC - 104 BC
II/51 — LATE JUDAEAN 63 BC - 6 AD
II/56 — EARLY IMPERIAL ROMAN 25 BC - 197 AD
II/59 — JEWISH REVOLTS 66 AD - 70 AD & 132 AD - 135 AD
— Army of Hatra 126 BC - 240 BC
II/23 — LATER PRE-ISLAMIC ARAB 312 BC - 633 AD
II/37 — PARTHIAN 250 BC - 225 AD
II/64 — MIDDLE IMPERIAL ROMAN 193 AD - 324 AD
II/69 — SASSANID PERSIAN 220 AD - 651 AD
II/37 — PARTHIAN 250 BC - 225 AD
— Army of Characene 126 BC - 222 BC
II/19 — SELEUCID 320 BC - 64 BC
II/23 — LATER PRE-ISLAMIC ARAB 312 BC - 633 AD
II/37 — PARTHIAN 250 BC - 225 AD
II/64 — MIDDLE IMPERIAL ROMAN 193 AD - 324 AD
II/23 — LATER PRE-ISLAMIC ARAB 312 BC - 633 AD
II/37 — PARTHIAN 250 BC - 225 AD
— Armies of Edessa, Singara or Adiabene from 126 BC
II/19 — SELEUCID 320 BC - 64 BC
II/22 — ARABO-ARAMAEAN 312 BC - 240 AD
II/23 — LATER PRE-ISLAMIC ARAB 312 BC - 633 AD
II/44 — COMMAGENE 163 BC - 17 AD & 38 AD - 72 AD
II/56 — EARLY IMPERIAL ROMAN 25 BC - 197 AD
II/69 — SASSANID PERSIAN 220 AD - 651 AD
II/37 — PARTHIAN 250 BC - 225 AD
— Any Arabo-Aramean Army before 126 BC
II/16 — ASIATIC EARLY SUCCESSOR 320 BC - 285 BC
II/19 — SELEUCID 320 BC - 64 BC
II/23 — LATER PRE-ISLAMIC ARAB 312 BC - 633 AD
II/37 — PARTHIAN 250 BC - 225 AD