This list covers the Sogdian city states and the kingdom of Khwarizm from their emergence after the fall of the Kushan empire until the Arab conquest in the eighth century; and also the city-states of the Tarim basin (such as Turfan, Kucha and Khotan) until the fall of the last independent city, Khotan, to the Qarakhanids. Chakars were Sogdian nobles and their retainers and had a strong heroic ethos. They were armoured and carried lance, bow and sometimes a round shield; and are usually depicted charging with lances, while the bow was used in heroic duels on foot. Sogdian dihqan land-owning gentry and Tarim basin nobles and gentry were similarly equipped but less heroic. Local nomad horse-archers (LH) were used as scouts. References: Empires of the Silk Road C. Beckwith, Sassanian Annies D. Nicolle.
— Central-Asian City Army 500 AD - 1000 AD
II/38 — HSIUNG-NU OR JUAN-JUAN 250 BC - 555 AD
II/79 — CHINESE NORTHERN & SOUTHERN DYNASTIES 317 AD - 589 AD
II/80 — HUNNIC 356 AD - 570 AD
III/11 — CENTRAL ASIAN TURKISH 550 AD - 1330 AD
III/15 — TIBETAN 560 AD - 1065 AD
III/20 — SUI & EARLY T’ANG CHINESE 581 AD - 755 AD
III/25 — ARAB CONQUEST 622 AD - 660 AD & KHAWARIJ 658 AD - 873 AD
III/31 — UMAYYAD ARAB 661 AD - 750 AD
III/39 — LATE T’ANG & FIVE DYNASTIES CHINESE 755 AD - 979 AD
III/43 — KHURASANIAN 821 AD - 1073 AD
III/8 — CENTRAL-ASIAN CITY STATES 500 AD - 1000 AD
III/11 — CENTRAL ASIAN TURKISH 550 AD - 1330 AD
III/31 — UMAYYAD ARAB 661 AD - 750 AD