This list covers the early upland peoples from the Zagros mountains in modern Iran, including the Guti, Lullubi and from 1650 early Kassites, as well as the early Hurrian highland states of north-eastern Mesopotamia, the Anatolian highlanders such as Gasgans (also called Kashgans or Kaska). Generals and their bodyguards were armed with both composite bows and heavy axes. The Hurrians were first to introduce a true chariot drawn by horses instead of asses around 1780 BC. Most warriors had a short spear, but no shield. Guti and Lullubi were used to frighten children and the latter were said to have scorpion tails, possibly justifying a warband option! The “Great Revolt” option (1/4b) represents the alliance against Akkad organised by Gula-an, King of Gutium. The Gasgans were perennial foes of the Hittites and seem to have had two classes of warrior, an elite and a supplementary force. References: Armies of the Ancient Near East N. Stillman & N. Tallis, Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600BC W. J. Hamblin, Cambridge Ancient History Vol.1 Part 2.
— Zagros and Anatolian Highland Army 3000 BC - 950 BC
I/11 — AKKADIAN 2334 BC - 2193 BC & THIRD DYNASTY OF UR 2112 BC - 2004 BC
I/1 — EARLY SUMERIAN 3000 BC - 2334 BC & THE “GREAT REVOLT” CIRCA 2250 BC
I/4 — ZAGROS & ANATOLIAN HIGHLAND 3000 BC - 950 BC
I/5 — EARLY SUSIANA & ELAM 3000 BC - 800 BC
I/9 — EARLY SYRIAN 2700 BC - 2200 BC
— Guti “Great Revolt” Army 2250 BC - 2112 BC
I/11 — AKKADIAN 2334 BC - 2193 BC & THIRD DYNASTY OF UR 2112 BC - 2004 BC
I/5 — EARLY SUSIANA & ELAM 3000 BC - 800 BC
I/9 — EARLY SYRIAN 2700 BC - 2200 BC
I/11 — AKKADIAN 2334 BC - 2193 BC & THIRD DYNASTY OF UR 2112 BC - 2004 BC
I/5 — EARLY SUSIANA & ELAM 3000 BC - 800 BC
I/9 — EARLY SYRIAN 2700 BC - 2200 BC
— Hurrian Army 1780 BC - 950 BC
I/12 — SUMERIAN SUCCESSOR STATES 2028 BC - 1460 BC
I/15 — LATER AMORITE 1894 BC - 1595 BC
I/16 — HITTITE OLD & MIDDLE KINGDOM 1680 BC - 1380 BC
I/19 — MITANNI 1595 BC - 1274 BC
I/20 — SYRO-CANAANITE OR UGARITIC 1595 BC - 1100 BC
I/21 — KASSITE BABYLONIAN & LATER BABYLONIAN 1595 BC - 747 BC
I/24 — HITTITE EMPIRE 1380 BC - 1180 BC
I/25 — MIDDLE-ASSYRIAN & EARLY NEO-ASSYRIAN 1365 BC - 745 BC
I/31 — NEO-HITTITE & LATER ARAMAEAN 1100 BC - 710 BC
I/4 — ZAGROS & ANATOLIAN HIGHLAND 3000 BC - 950 BC
I/5 — EARLY SUSIANA & ELAM 3000 BC - 800 BC
— Gasgan Army 1650 BC - 950 BC
I/16 — HITTITE OLD & MIDDLE KINGDOM 1680 BC - 1380 BC
I/24 — HITTITE EMPIRE 1380 BC - 1180 BC
I/28 — SEA PEOPLES 1208 BC - 1176 BC
I/31 — NEO-HITTITE & LATER ARAMAEAN 1100 BC - 710 BC