This list covers the city state armies of the Greek mainland until they began to replace hoplites by thureophoroi and/or pikemen, also those of Greek colonial offshoot states in Italy (Italiot) and Sicily (Siciliot) until they lost their independence, those of Black Sea colonies and mercenary overseas expeditions. Hoplites continued to depend on the combination of a large strong round shield (“aspis” or “hoplon”) with a long thrusting spear “doru”. At first shields were painted with personal blazons. Sparta replaced these with a red “lambda” (upside-down V) around 420 BC. Some other cities also started to use uniform shield blazons after 500, the first letter of the city’s name, or a Hercules club for Thebes. Athenians still used individual designs and a Gorgon’s head was popular. Body armour had changed. Officers and the elite might wear a bronze muscled cuirass “thorax”, lesser men wearing a lighter leather or textile “spolas”, sometimes reinforced with bronze scales, or just a tunic. Spartans wore an “exomis” that could be adjusted to leave one shoulder bare. Xenophon describes the 10,000 in bronze helmets and greaves and a red tunic, copying the Spartan crimson. Open-faced helmets such as the “Attic” or “Boiotian” forms or a felt “pilos” (especially popular in Sparta) had mostly replaced the “Corinthian” helmet. This made it possible for other states to try to introduce Spartan-type drill, but once in contact, tactics continued to be limited to moving straight ahead in unison, first in a violent charge, then in a scrum pushing shield against shield. The Spartans used very short swords as handier in the press. The Thebans sometimes used especially deep formations (classed as 85Sp). Most states also had a few javelin-throwing armoured cavalry, of which those of Thessaly, Thebes and the Italiots were considered good and Spartan bad. Light infantry became more important and the Spartans felt the lack in the disastrous battle of Sphacteria in 425 BC. Initially they were shieldless psiloi armed with javelin, sling or bow, but the javelinmen were quickly replaced by javelin-armed peltasts (carrying small crescent-shaped “pelta” shields). The mountain states of Aitolia, Phokis and Akarnania relied heavily on light infantry and were hard to beat at home. Spartan skiritai were subjects from neighbouring mountains used as an advance guard or to support cavalry. References: Armies of the Macedonian and Punic Wars D. Head, The Western Way of War V.D Hanson, A Storm of Spears - Understanding the Greek Hoplite in Action C. Matthew, The Wars of the Ancient Greeks V.D Hanson, The Spartan Way N. Fields, Greece and Rome at War P. Connolly, Military Theory & Practise in the Age of Xenophon ].K Anderson, Hellenicas Xenophon, Anabasis Xenophon, History of the Peloponnesian War Thucydides, The Walled Orchard T. Holt (novel).
— Spartan Army in Greece 448 BC - 276 BC
I/54 — EARLY MACEDONIAN 650 BC - 355 BC
II/12 — ALEXANDRIAN MACEDONIAN 359 BC - 319 BC
II/16 — ASIATIC EARLY SUCCESSOR 320 BC - 285 BC
II/17 — LYSIMACHID 320 BC - 281 BC
II/27 — PYRRHIC 300 BC - 272 BC
II/5 — LATER HOPLITE GREEK 448 BC - 225 BC
II/5 — LATER HOPLITE GREEK 448 BC - 225 BC
— Athenian Army 448 BC - 278 BC
I/48 — THRACIAN 700 BC - 46 AD
I/54 — EARLY MACEDONIAN 650 BC - 355 BC
I/60 — EARLY ACHAEMENID PERSIAN 550 BC - 420 BC
I/62 — LYKIAN 546 BC - 300 BC
II/12 — ALEXANDRIAN MACEDONIAN 359 BC - 319 BC
II/15 — ALEXANDRIAN IMPERIAL 328 BC - 321 BC
II/16 — ASIATIC EARLY SUCCESSOR 320 BC - 285 BC
II/17 — LYSIMACHID 320 BC - 281 BC
II/18 — MACEDONIAN EARLY SUCCESSOR 320 BC - 260 BC
II/30 — GALATIAN 280 BC - 25 BC
II/5 — LATER HOPLITE GREEK 448 BC - 225 BC
II/7 — LATER ACHAEMENID PERSIAN 420 BC - 329 BC
II/9 — SYRACUSAN 410 BC - 210 BC
I/54 — EARLY MACEDONIAN 650 BC - 355 BC
II/5 — LATER HOPLITE GREEK 448 BC - 225 BC
— Theban Army 448 BC - 278 BC
II/12 — ALEXANDRIAN MACEDONIAN 359 BC - 319 BC
II/16 — ASIATIC EARLY SUCCESSOR 320 BC - 285 BC
II/30 — GALATIAN 280 BC - 25 BC
II/5 — LATER HOPLITE GREEK 448 BC - 225 BC
II/5 — LATER HOPLITE GREEK 448 BC - 225 BC
— Thessalian Army 448 BC - 320 BC
I/47 — ILLYRIAN 700 BC - 10 AD
I/54 — EARLY MACEDONIAN 650 BC - 355 BC
II/12 — ALEXANDRIAN MACEDONIAN 359 BC - 319 BC
II/15 — ALEXANDRIAN IMPERIAL 328 BC - 321 BC
II/17 — LYSIMACHID 320 BC - 281 BC
II/30 — GALATIAN 280 BC - 25 BC
II/5 — LATER HOPLITE GREEK 448 BC - 225 BC
— Aitolian ( 448 BC - 279 BC
I/47 — ILLYRIAN 700 BC - 10 AD
II/15 — ALEXANDRIAN IMPERIAL 328 BC - 321 BC
II/18 — MACEDONIAN EARLY SUCCESSOR 320 BC - 260 BC
II/30 — GALATIAN 280 BC - 25 BC
II/33 — POLYBIAN ROMAN 275 BC - 105 BC
II/5 — LATER HOPLITE GREEK 448 BC - 225 BC
II/5 — LATER HOPLITE GREEK 448 BC - 225 BC
— Phokian Army 357 BC - 347 BC
II/12 — ALEXANDRIAN MACEDONIAN 359 BC - 319 BC
II/5 — LATER HOPLITE GREEK 448 BC - 225 BC
II/5 — LATER HOPLITE GREEK 448 BC - 225 BC
— Italiot Army 448 BC - 280 BC
II/10 — CAMILLAN ROMAN 400 BC - 275 BC
II/13 — SAMNITE 355 BC - 272 BC
II/33 — POLYBIAN ROMAN 275 BC - 105 BC
II/5 — LATER HOPLITE GREEK 448 BC - 225 BC
II/8 — CAMPANIAN, APULIAN, LUCANIAN & BRUTTIAN 420 BC - 203 BC
II/9 — SYRACUSAN 410 BC - 210 BC
II/5 — LATER HOPLITE GREEK 448 BC - 225 BC
— Siciliot Army 448 BC - 280 BC
I/36 — ITALIAN HILL TRIBES 1000 BC - 124 BC
I/61 — EARLY CARTHAGINIAN 550 BC - 275 BC
II/33 — POLYBIAN ROMAN 275 BC - 105 BC
II/5 — LATER HOPLITE GREEK 448 BC - 225 BC
II/9 — SYRACUSAN 410 BC - 210 BC
— Other Hoplite Armies in Greece 448 BC - 225 BC
I/43 — KIMMERIAN, SKYTHIAN & EARLY HU 750 BC - 70 AD
I/47 — ILLYRIAN 700 BC - 10 AD
I/48 — THRACIAN 700 BC - 46 AD
I/54 — EARLY MACEDONIAN 650 BC - 355 BC
II/12 — ALEXANDRIAN MACEDONIAN 359 BC - 319 BC
II/15 — ALEXANDRIAN IMPERIAL 328 BC - 321 BC
II/16 — ASIATIC EARLY SUCCESSOR 320 BC - 285 BC
II/18 — MACEDONIAN EARLY SUCCESSOR 320 BC - 260 BC
II/27 — PYRRHIC 300 BC - 272 BC
II/5 — LATER HOPLITE GREEK 448 BC - 225 BC
— Overseas mercenary expeditions 448 BC - 225 BC
II/6 — BITHYNIAN 435 BC - 74 BC
II/7 — LATER ACHAEMENID PERSIAN 420 BC - 329 BC
— Spartan overseas expeditions of Brasidas 428 BC - 422 BC
II/5 — LATER HOPLITE GREEK 448 BC - 225 BC
II/7 — LATER ACHAEMENID PERSIAN 420 BC - 329 BC
— Black Sea Greeks 410 BC - 310 BC
II/15 — ALEXANDRIAN IMPERIAL 328 BC - 321 BC
II/25 — BOSPORAN 310 BC - 107 BC & 10 BC - 375 AD
II/26 — SIRACAE, IAZYGES & LATER RHOXOLANI SARMATIAN 310 BC - 375 AD
II/5 — LATER HOPLITE GREEK 448 BC - 225 BC